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التصنيف: cns.stimulant.methylxanthine
المادة الفعالة: caffeine

Caffeine is a methylxanthine that acts as a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant primarily by antagonizing adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in the brain. This inhibition reduces the sedative effects of adenosine, leading to increased neuronal activity and enhanced release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine. Caffeine also mildly inhibits phosphodiesterase enzymes, increasing intracellular cyclic AMP levels. Pharmacologically, it promotes wakefulness, improves alertness, and stimulates respiratory and cardiac centers. Clinically, caffeine is used to treat apnea of prematurity, relieve fatigue and drowsiness, and as an adjuvant in some analgesic medications for headache and migraine.